ساخت و انتقال مجدد کربوهیدرات‌های محلول در گندم

نوع مقاله : ترویجی

نویسندگان

1 بخش فیزیولوژی مولکولی، پژوهشکده بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی ایران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

2 مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

3 بخش تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاروزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، داراب، ایرن

چکیده

رشد و نمو گیاهان وابسته به انرژی نورانی خورشید است. این انرژی طی فرآیند فتوسنتز در برگبرای تولید کربوهیدراتهاو سایر فتواسمیلات­ها مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد. قسمتی از کربوهیدرات‌های تولید شده، برای رشد و نمو همان بافت‌ها استفاده شده و مازاد آنها از محل‌های تولید به محل‌های مصرف و یا ذخیره‌سازی دیگر منتقل می‌شوند. بر این اساس، اندام‌های گیاه به اندام‌های منبع و مخزن تقسیم‌بندی می‌گردند. بررسی‌های دقیق بیوشیمیایی و مولکولی می‌توانند اطلاعات ارزشمندی در خصوص سازوکار تولید و مصرف فتواسیمیلات‌ها در اندام های در اختیار به نژادگران قرار دهند تا بکارگیری دانش مربوطه بتوانند میزان عملکرد در گیاه را بهبود ببخشند. مانند بسیاری از فرآیندهای زیستی دیگر قدرت منبع و مخزن نیز تابعی از توان بالقوه ژنتیکی گیاه، سرعت و نوع پاسخ گیاه به محیط و کارایی آنزیم‌های دخیل در سازوکارهای بیوشیمایی تولید و انتقال فتواسمیلات‌ها است. هدفازاینمقاله،بررسی و تحلیلپیشرفتهایاخیردرتعیین نوع و میزان فعالیت اندام منبعومخزن بطور عام و بطور خاص در گیاهگندم می‌باشد. در این راستا از طریق تجزیه و تحلیلعواملدرونیتنظیمکنندهقدرت منبع ومخزن،تعیین میزانونحوهتولیدانواعکربوهیدراتهایمحلول مختلف در بافت‌های گیاه، و بررسی نقشبرخیآنزیمهایکلیدی در روابط منبع و مخزنسعی شده است که راهبردی مناسب برای افزایش عملکرد خصوصاً در شرایط تنش‌های محیطی خصوصاً تنش خشکی ارایه شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Production and Remobilization Soluble Carbohydrates in Wheat

نویسندگان [English]

  • F. Moradi 1
  • M. Esmaeilzadeh Moghadam 2
  • H. Zali 3
1 1. Department of Molecular Physiology, Agricultural Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
2 Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
3 Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resource Research and Education Center, (AREEO), Darab, Iran
چکیده [English]

Plants growth and development is depends on light energy of the sun. This energy thru photosynthesis is using for production of carbohydrates and other photo-assimilates. Part of produced carbohydrates is consuming by the same tissues for growth and development, while excess materials are trans -locates to other consumer or storage organs. Accordingly, plants parts are classified in source and sink organs. In order to improve crop yield by using relevant knowledge, this detailed review aimed to provide valuable information about biochemical and molecular mechanisms of production and consumption of photo-assimilates in different plant organs for breeding proposes. Source and sink strength like many other biological processes, are related to plant genetic potential, rate and type of plant response to environmental condition, efficiency  of biochemical mechanisms and ability of involved enzymes in production and transporting photo-assimilates. This paper is intended to evaluate the recent advances in source and sink specifications, particularly in wheat. It has been attempted to identify indigenous attributes related to source and sink strength, determination of soluble carbohydrate production circumstances along with activity of involved key enzymes at different tissues, which might be suitable for increased plant performance, particularly in stressful environments like drought stress

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Invertase
  • Remoblization
  • Soluble carbohydrate
  • Source and sink
  • Sucrose synthase and Wheat
Abeledo L, Savin R, Slafer G (2014) Leaf photosynthesis during grain filling under mediterranean environments: are barley or traditional wheat more efficient than modern wheats? J A and Crop Sci. 200 (3): 172-182
 
 
Anet Z, Moghaddam ME, Kashani A, Moradi F (2013) Trend of changes in grain yield and some physiological traits in spring bread wheat cultivars released between 1951-2008 in Iran. Seed and Plant Prod. J. 29 (4): 461-483 (In persian)
 
 
Ashraf M, Harris P (2013) Photosynthesis under stressful environments: an overview. Photosynthetica 51 (2): 163-190
 
 
Asseng S, Kassie BT, Labra MH, Amador C, Calderini DF (2016) Simulating the impact of source-sink manipulations in wheat. Field Crop Res
 
 
Bazargani MM, Hajirezaei M-R, Salekdeh GH, Bushehri A-AS, Falahati-Anbaran M, Moradi F, Naghavi M-R, Ehdaie B (2012) A view on the role of metabolites in enhanced stem reserves remobilization in wheat under drought during grain filling. Aus. J. Crop Sci. 6 (12): 1613
 
 
Blum A (1998) Improving wheat grain filling under stress by stem reserve mobilisation. Euphytica 100 (1-3): 77-83
 
 
Blum A (2016) Osmotic adjustment is a prime drought stress adaptive engine in support of plant production. Plant, Cell En. 128: 1-7
 
 
Borrill P, Fahy B, Smith AM, Uauy C (2015) Wheat grain filling is limited by grain filling capacity rather than the duration of flag leaf photosynthesis: a case study using NAM RNAi plants. Plos one 10 (8): e0134947
 
 
Chen H, Moakhar NP, Iqbal M, Pozniak C, Hucl P, Spaner D (2016) Genetic variation for flowering time and height reducing genes and important traits in western Canadian spring wheat. Euphytica 208 (2): 377-390
 
 
Chen W, Deng X-P, Kwak S-S, Eneji AE (2015) The relationship between yield and fructan Exo-Hydrolases activity in two drought resistant wheat cultivars grown under different fertilizer and tillage treatments. J. Plant Nut. 38 (1): 13-27
 
 
CrumptonTaylor M, Pike M, Lu KJ, Hylton CM, Feil R, Eicke S, Lunn JE, Zeeman SC, Smith AM (2013) Starch synthase 4 is essential for coordination of starch granule formation with chloroplast division during Arabidopsis leaf expansion. New Phytol. 200 (4): 1064-1075
 
 
Dai J, Bean B, Brown B, Bruening W, Edwards J, Flowers M, Karow R, Lee C, Morgan G, Ottman M (2016) Harvest index and straw yield of five classes of wheat. Biom. Bioene. 85: 223-227
 
 
Dinakar C, Djilianov D, Bartels D (2012) Photosynthesis in desiccation tolerant plants: energy metabolism and antioxidative stress defense. Plant Sci. 182: 29-41
 
 
Distelfeld A, Avni R, Fischer AM (2014) Senescence, nutrient remobilization, and yield in wheat and barley. J. Exp. Bot. 65 (14): 3783-3798
 
 
Drake PL, Froend RH, Franks PJ (2013) Smaller, faster stomata: scaling of stomatal size, rate of response, and stomatal conductance. J. Exp. Bot. 64 (2): 495-505
 
 
Dubois D, Winzeler M, Nösberger J (1990) Fructan accumulation and sucrose: sucrose fructosyltransferase activity in stems of spring wheat genotypes. Crop Sci. 30 (2): 315-319
 
 
Ehdaie B, Alloush G, Madore M, Waines J (2006) Genotypic variation for stem reserves and mobilization in wheat. Crop Sci. 46 (5): 2093-2103
 
 
El-Sharkawy M (2016) Prospects of photosynthetic research for increasing agricultural productivity, with emphasis on the tropical C4 Amaranthus and the cassava C3-C4 crops. Photosynth. 54 (2): 161-184
 
 
Ertek A. Kara B (2013) Yield and quality of sweet corn under deficit irrigation. Agri. Water Manag. 129: 138-144
 
 
Fábián A, Jäger K, Barnabás B (2013) Developmental stage dependency of the effect of drought stress on photosynthesis in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. Acta Agron. Hung. 61 (1): 13-21
 
 
Farooq M, Hussain M, Siddique KH (2014) Drought stress in wheat during flowering and grain-filling periods. Critical Reviews in Plant Sci. 33 (4): 331-349
 
 
Ghaffari MR, Shahinnia F, Usadel B, Junker B, Schreiber F, Sreenivasulu N, Hajirezaei MR (2016) The metabolic signature of biomass formation in barley. Plant and Cell Physio. pp: 117-124
 
 
Golabadi M, Golkar P (2013) Compensation of grain yield reduction under drought stress by extra N fertilizer in bread wheat. Int. J. Agri. 3 (3): 629-639
 
 
Gregersen PL, Foyer CH, Krupinska K (2014) Photosynthesis and leaf senescence as determinants of plant productivity. In:  Biotechnological Approaches to Barley Improvement. Springer, pp 113-138
 
 
Han H, Tian Z, Fan Y, Cui Y, Cai J, Jiang D, Cao W, Dai T (2015) Water-deficit treatment followed by re-watering stimulates seminal root growth associated with hormone balance and photosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Plant Growth Reg. 77 (2): 201-210
 
 
He JX, Wang J, Liang HG (1995) Effects of water stress on photochemical function and protein metabolism of photosystem II in wheat leaves. Physiologia Plantarum 93 (4): 771-777
 
 
Hou J, Jiang Q, Hao C, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang X (2014) Global selection on sucrose synthase haplotypes during a century of wheat breeding. Plant Physio. 164 (4): 1918-1929
 
 
Huntingford C, Smith DM, Davies WJ, Falk R, Sitch S, Mercado LM (2015) Combining the [ABA] and net photosynthesis-based model equations of stomatal conductance. Ecological. Modelling 300: 81-88
 
 
Hwang S-K, Singh S, Cakir B, Satoh H, Okita TW (2016) The plastidial starch phosphorylase from rice endosperm: catalytic properties at low temperature. Planta 243 (4): 999-1009
 
 
Jasemi SS, Moradi F, Najafian G, Karimzadeh K, Hosseni A, Gorbani A, Moslehi A, Hasanloo T, Mortezegoli M, Babaii A (2014) Study on the effect of nutrition management on grain gluten and quality traits of two bread wheat cultivars. Agris. FAO. Org. p 98.
 
 
Kulshrestha S, Tyagi P, Sindhi V, Yadavilli KS (2013) Invertase and its applications–a brief review. J. Pharm. Res. 7 (9): 792-797
 
 
Landry EJ, Fuchs SJ, Hu J (2016) Carbohydrate composition of mature and immature faba bean seeds. J. Food Compos. Anal. 23(1): 251-273
 
Lee S-T, Huang W-L (2013) Cytokinin, auxin, and abscisic acid affects sucrose metabolism conduce to de novo shoot organogenesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) callus. Bot. Stu. 54 (1): 1-9
 
 
Li J, Baroja-Fernández E, Bahaji A, Muñoz FJ, Ovecka M, Montero M, Sesma MT, Alonso-Casajús N, Almagro G, Sánchez-López AM (2013a) Enhancing sucrose synthase activity results in increased. levels of starch and ADP-glucose in maize (Zea mays L.) seed endosperms. Plant and Cell Physi. 54 (2): 282-294
 
 
Li S, Zhou L, Guo C, Chen Q, Chen L (2013b) Physiological Mechanism of Drought Tolerance of Maize Seedlings Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica. 5 (4): 291-298
 
 
Lin Y, Liu T, Liu J, Liu X, Ou Y, Zhang H, Li M, Sonnewald U, Song B, Xie C (2015) Subtle regulation of potato acid invertase activity by a protein complex of invertase, invertase inhibitor, and sucrose nonfermenting1-related protein kinase. Plant Physi. 168 (4): 1807-1819
 
 
Liu J, Han L, Huai B, Zheng P, Chang Q, Guan T, Li D, Huang L, Kang Z (2015) Down-regulation of a wheat alkaline/neutral invertase correlates with reduced host susceptibility to wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis. J. Exp. Bot: 281(2): 428-436
 
 
Loutfy N, El-Tayeb MA, Hassanen AM, Moustafa MF, Sakuma Y, Inouhe M (2012) Changes in the water status and osmotic solute contents in response to drought and salicylic acid treatments in four different cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum). J. Plant Res. 125 (1): 173-184
 
 
Ma C, Sun Z, Chen C, Zhang L, Zhu S (2014) Simultaneous separation and determination of fructose, sorbitol, glucose and sucrose in fruits by HPLC–ELSD. Food Chem. 145: 784-788
 
 
Marcińska I, Czyczyło-Mysza I, Skrzypek E, Filek M, Grzesiak S, Grzesiak MT, Janowiak F, Hura T, Dziurka M, Dziurka K (2013) Impact of osmotic stress on physiological and biochemical. characteristics in drought-susceptible and drought-resistant wheat genotypes. Acta Physi. Plant. 35 (2): 451-461
 
 
McKinley B, Rooney W, Wilkerson C, Mullet J (2016) Dynamics of biomass partitioning, stem gene expression, cell wall biosynthesis, and sucrose accumulation during development of Sorghum bicolor. The Plant J. 72(1): 86-92
 
 
Mohammadi H, Ahmadi A, Yang J, Moradi F, Wang Z, Abbasi A, Poustini K (2013) Effects of nitrogen and ABA application on basal and distal kernel weight of wheat. J. Agri. Sci. Tech. 15 (5): 889-900
 
 
Morsy MR, Jouve L, Hausman J-F, Hoffmann L, Stewart JM (2007) Alteration of oxidative and carbohydrate metabolism under abiotic stress in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes contrasting in chilling tolerance. J. Plant Physi. 164 (2): 157-167
Mphande W, Nicolas ME, Seneweera S, Bahrami H (2016) Dynamics and contribution of stem water-soluble carbohydrates to grain yield in two wheat lines contrasted under Drought and elevated CO2 conditions. J. Plant Physi. 214 (2): 1037-1058
 
 
Qin Y, Song W, Xiao S, Yin G, Zhu Y, Yan Y, Hu Y (2014) Stress-related genes distinctly expressed in unfertilized wheat ovaries under both normal and water deficit conditions whereas differed in fertilized ovaries. J. Proteo. 102: 11-27
 
 
Rebetzke GJ, Rattey AR, Farquhar GD, Richards RA, Condon ATG (2013) Genomic regions for canopy temperature and their genetic association with stomatal conductance and grain yield in wheat. Func. Plant Bio. 40 (1): 14-33
 
 
Reynolds M, Foulkes MJ, Slafer GA, Berry P, Parry MA, Snape JW, Angus WJ (2009) Raising yield potential in wheat. J. Exp. Bot. 60 (7): 1899-1918
 
 
Saeedipour S, Moradi F (2016) Protective Role of Exogenous kinetin against oxidative stress induced by salt stress in rice genotypes. Phili. Agri. Sci. 99(3): 229-237
 
 
Saeidi M, Moradi F, Jalali-Honarmand S (2012) The effect of post anthesis source limitation treatments on wheat cultivars under water deficit. Aus. J. Crop Sci. 6 (7): 1179-1118
 
 
Saeidi M, Moradi F, Abdoli M (2016) Impact of drought stress on yield, photosynthesis rate, and sugar alcohols contents in wheat after anthesis in semiarid region of Iran. Arid Land Res. Manag. 1-15
 
 
SanchezBragado R, Elazab A, Zhou B, Serret MD, Bort J, NietoTaladriz MT, Araus JL (2014) Contribution of the ear and the flag leaf to grain filling in durum wheat inferred from the carbon isotope signature: genotypic and growing conditions effects. J. Integ. Plant Bio. 56 (5): 444-454
 
 
Sarafraz-Ardekani M-R, Khavari- Nejad R-A, Moradi F, Najafi F (2014) Abscisic acid and cytokinin-induced osmotic and antioxidant regulation in two drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cultivars of wheat during grain filling under water deficit in field conditions. Notulae Sci. Bio. 6(3): 354-367
 
 
Schauer N, Fernie AR (2006) Plant metabolomics: towards biological function and mechanism. Trends in Plant Sci. 11(10): 508-516
 
 
Serrago RA, Alzueta I, Savin R, Slafer GA (2013) Understanding grain yield responses to source–sink ratios during grain filling in wheat and barley under contrasting environments. Field Crops Res. 150: 42-51
 
 
Sharifi P, Mohammadkhani N (2016) Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis factors in wheat genotypes during anthesis. Cereal Res. Comm. 44 (2): 229-239
 
 
Tauzin AS, Giardina T (2015) Sucrose and invertases, a part of the plant defense response to the biotic stresses. Plant cell wall in pathogenesis, parasitism and symbiosis. Field Crops Res. 173: 64-72
 
 
Wang B, Ma M, Lu H, Meng Q, Li G, Yang X (2015) Photosynthesis, sucrose metabolism, and starch accumulation in two NILs of winter wheat. Photosy. Res/ 126 (2-3): 363-373
Wardlaw I, Willenbrink J (2000) Mobilization of fructan reserves and changes in enzyme activities in wheat stems correlate with water stress during kernel filling. New Phytolo. 148 (3): 413-422
 
 
Whittaker A, Bochicchio A, Vazzana C, Lindsey G, Farrant J (2001) Changes in leaf hexokinase activity and metabolite levels in response to drying in the desiccation‐tolerant species Sporobolus stapfianus and Xerophyta viscosa. J. Exp. Bot. 52 (358): 961-969
 
 
Winzeler M, Dubois D, Nösberger J (1990) Absence of fructan degradation during fructan accumulation in wheat stems. J. Plant Physio. 136 (3): 324-329
 
 
Xiong F, Yu X, Zhou L, Zhang J, Jin Y, Li D, Wang Z (2014) Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on distribution of starch granules in different regions of wheat endosperm. The Crop J. 2 (1): 46-54
 
 
Xue G-P, Drenth J, Glassop D, Kooiker M, McIntyre CL (2013) Dissecting the molecular basis of the contribution of source strength to high fructan accumulation in wheat. Plant Mol. Bio. 81 (1-2): 71-92
 
 
Xue G-P, McIntyre CL, Glassop D, Shorter R (2008) Use of expression analysis to dissect alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in wheat leaves during drought stress. Plant Mol. Bio. 67 (3): 197-214
 
 
Yang HY, Wang XF, Liu JB, Gao LJ, Ishii M, Igarashi Y, Cui ZJ (2006) Effects of water-soluble carbohydrate content on silage fermentation of wheat straw. J. Bio. Bioeng. 101 (3): 232-237
 
 
Yang J, Zhang J (2010) Grain-filling problem in ‘super’rice. J. Exp. Bot. 61 (1): 1-5
Yang J, Zhang J, Huang Z, Zhu Q, Wang L (2000) Remobilization of carbon reserves is improved by controlled soil-drying during grain filling of wheat. Crop Sci. 40 (6): 1645-1655
 
 
Zhang B, Li W, Chang X, Li R, Jing R (2014) Effects of favorable alleles for water-soluble carbohydrates at grain filling on grain weight under drought and heat stresses in wheat. Plos one 9 (7): e102917
 
 
Zhang Q, Bartels D (2016) Physiological factors determine the accumulation of D-glycero-D-ido-octulose (DgDi-oct) in the desiccation tolerant resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum. Func. Plant Bio. 241 (3): 1045-1061
 
 
Zivcak M, Brestic M, Balatova Z, Drevenakova P, Olsovska K, Kalaji HM, Yang X, Allakhverdiev SI (2013) Photosynthetic electron transport and specific photoprotective responses in wheat leaves under drought stress. Photosyn. Res. 117 (1-3): 529-546