The Role and Importance of Pollination and Pollinators in Agriculture (The First Part)

Document Type : Extension

Author

Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.

Abstract

Pollination is a key process in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Hence, pollination has important role in those human foods production and livelihoods which directly depend on natural ecosystems and agricultural production systems. One third of the food used by humans directly and indirectly is provided by plants that depend on pollination within sects. Worldwide, more than 3,000 plant species have been used as food, while 300 of them are now widely grown, and only 12species supply nearly 90 percent of the world's food. The majority of the flowering plants make the seeds once animal pollinators transfer pollen grains from anthers to their stigma. In addition to plants, biodiversity of animals that feed on fruits and seeds are also dependent on pollinators. Without this procedure, the relationship between most of the related species can be dissipating. Thus, in addition to agricultural production, pollinators are also critical for maintaining biodiversity. In this study, in order to regeneration and production of important agricultural crops, the types of reproductive and pollination mechanisms were discussed.

Keywords


1- خمسه ن خ، قنواتی ف، جنوبی پ، مجد ا، امیرآبادی زاده ح (1390) بررسی سیستم تولید مثلی در برخی از گونه‌های جنس Onobrychis. کنگره بین المللی بیولوژی کاربردی. 10 و 11 شهریور مشهد
 
 
2- خمسه ن خ، قنواتی ف، جنوبی پ، مجد ا، نعمت پژوه ن (1390) بررسی سیستم گرده‌افشانی در جنس Onobrychis. همایش ملی تغییر اقلیم و تاثیر آن بر کشاورزی و محیط زیست. 2 مرداد. ارومیه
 
 
3- قنواتی ف، خمسه ن خ (1391) مطالعه سیستم تولیدمثلی و گرده‌افشانی برخی از گونه‌های Onobrychis. مجله به‌نژادی نهال و بذر 1-28(2): 275-255
 
 
4- قنواتی ف، مظفری ج (1387) نقش گرده افشان‌ها در امنیت غذایی و تنوع زیستی. صفحات 26-21 مجموعه مقالات کنفرانس تهدیدات و امنیت زیستی در کشاورزی ایران. تهران، ایران
 
 
5- قهرمان، ا (1381) گیاه‌شناسی پایه جلد 1و2 . انتشارات دانشگاه تهران. 500 صفحه
 
 
6- Agbagwa I, Obute G (2007) Breeding system and pollination ecology of  two Abrus species (Fabaceae) from tropical West Africa-Acta Bot. Croat. 66 (2), 205-216
 
 
7- Arroyo MTK (1981) Breeding systems and pollination biology in Leguminosae. In: Polhill R. M., Raven P. H. (eds.) Advances in legume systematics. Part 2. Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, pp. 723–769
 
 
8- Braulio SF, Dias A, Raw V, Imperatri –Fonseca L (1999) The Sãopaulo declaration on pollinators. Report on the recommendations of the workshop on the conservation and sustainable use of pollinators in agriculture with emphasis on bee. Brazilian Ministry of the Environment. 70p
 
 
9- Buchmann SL, Nabhan GP (1996) The Forgotten pollinators. Island Press, Washington, D. C. Shearwater Books, Covelo, California. 320 pp
 
 
10- Bullita S, Floris R, Hayward MD, Veronesi F (1993) The reproductive system of a Lolium rigidum Gaud. Population from Sardinia and its implication for breeding. Plant Breed. 111: 312–317
 
 
11- Cruden RW (2000) Pollen grains: why so many? Pl. Syst. Evol. 222: 143–165
 
 
12- Dafni A (1992) Pollination ecology: a practical approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 210p
 
 
13- Eardley C, Roth D, Clarke J, Buchmann S,  Gemmill B (2006) Pollinators and pollination: A resource book for policy and practice (first edition) published by the African Pollinator Initiative (API). 153p
 
 
14- Edlund A, Swanson R, Preuss D (2004) Pollen and stigma structure and function: The role of diversity in pollination. The Plant Cell 16 ( 1) S84-S97
 
 
15- Faegri K, Van Der Pijl L (1979) The principles of pollination biology. 3rd edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 244p
 
 
16- FAO (2008) A Contribution to the international initiative for the conservation and sustainable use of pollinators rapid assessment of pollinators’ status January. 95p
 
 
17- Galloni M, Podda L, Vivarelli D, Cristofolini G (2007) Pollen presentation, pollen-ovule ratios, and other reproductive traits in Mediterranean Legumes (Fam. Fabaceae - Subfam. Faboideae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 266: 147–164
 
 
18- Hiscock SJ, McInnis SM (2003) The diversity of self-incompatibility systems in flowering plants. Plant Biol. 5: 23-32
 
 
19- McGregor SE (2009) Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants. USDA. Online ///E|/Jason/book/chap9/tung.html (4 of 4) [1/21/2009 3:47:41 PM]
 
 
20- Nabhan GP (1996) Pollinator redbook: Global list of treated vertebrate wildlife species serving as pollinators for crops and wild plants. Arizona-Sonora desert museum and forgotten pollinators campaign monographs. Tucson, Arizona, 3 (1) 235-242
 
 
21- Peter GK, Truman TPh (2001) the economic impacts of pollinator declines: an approach to assessing the consequences. 18p
 
 
22- Pimentel D, Wilson C, McCullum C, Huang R, Dwen P, Flack J, Tran Q, Saltman T, Cliff B (1997) Economics and environmental benefits of biodiversity. bioScien 47 (11): 747-757
 
 
23- Rao NK, Hanson J, Dulloo ME, Ghosh K, Nowell D and Larinde M (2006) Manual of seed handling in genebanks. Handbooks for Genebanks No. 8. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. 154p
 
 
24- ilva NF, Goring DR (2001) Mechanisms of self-incompatibility in flowering plants. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58: 1988-2007
 
 
25- Southwick EE, Southwick L (1992) Estimating the economic value of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) as agricultural pollinators in the United States. J. Econ. Entom. 85: 621-633